Urinary Tract Infections

A urinary-tract infection (UTI) occurs when bacteria, most commonly E. colienter the urinary tract through the urethra and multiply in the bladder. Any part of the system (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) can be infected, but most UTIs involve the bladder and urethra. Contributing factors include:

• Poor hygiene practices (e.g. wiping back → front).
• Sexual activity, which can introduce bacteria into the urethra.
• Holding urine too long, allowing bacteria to grow.
• Dehydration, which reduces urination and bacterial flushing.
• Use of catheters or conditions such as diabetes that weaken immunity.

Women are more prone to UTIs because their shorter urethra lets bacteria reach the bladder more quickly.

UTIs are most often treated with a course of antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare professional. Drug choice and duration depend on infection severity and location.

Most uncomplicated UTIs respond to medications such as nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin; symptoms usually improve within a few days. Completing the full course prevents recurrence. Drinking plenty of water helps flush bacteria from the urinary system.

Pain relievers (e.g. paracetamol) or urinary analgesics can ease burning. For recurrent UTIs, doctors may suggest lifestyle changes, improved hygiene or long-term low-dose antibiotics.

Severe cases— especially those spreading to the kidneys (pyelonephritis)—can require hospitalisation and intravenous antibiotics. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential to avoid complications and ensure a quick recovery.