Kidney Stones

A kidney stone is a solid mass that forms when certain substances like calcium, oxalate, or uric acid are too concentrated in urine and crystallize into solid masses. Kidney stones can be found in a few sizes, ranging from 6–7mm (like sand) to 10mm or more (golf-ball size).

The main reason for kidney stone formation is dehydration which causes low urine volume with minerals to concentrate, whereas a diet high in salt, animal protein, sugar, and oxalate-rich foods (nuts, spinach, chocolate) also contributes to increased risk. Other factors such as genetics, obesity, metabolic disorders, urinary tract infections, and specific medications or antacids can also increase risk.

• Kidney stone laser surgery, also known as ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy, is a modern, minimally invasive procedure used to break down stones measuring 1 cm or more into tiny fragments.
• A flexible ureteroscope is inserted through the urinary tract to locate the stone, and a laser fiber delivers precise energy to fragment it.
• The fragments are either removed during the procedure or passed naturally in the urine, without external incisions.
• Laser lithotripsy reduces the risk of complications and infections, is highly effective even for large or hard-to-reach stones, and offers a safe alternative to shock wave lithotripsy or open surgery.
• Most patients can resume normal activities within days.
• Consult an experienced kidney stone specialist at T.R.U.E. Hospitals to determine if this low-risk laser kidney stone removal operation is right for your case.

• Patients with small to medium-sized kidney stones are typically eligible for laser lithotripsy.
• Individuals experiencing symptoms such as severe pain, difficulty urinating, or blood in the urine may be candidates.
• People with certain anatomical conditions or medical issues where traditional surgery is risky may prefer laser treatment.

Before undergoing laser surgery for kidney stones, a comprehensive diagnosis is essential to ensure the procedure is both safe and effective. Urologists typically follow these key diagnostic steps:

• Review the patient's medical history – The urologist evaluates previous kidney stones and family history of nephrolithiasis.
• Physical examination – Abdominal and flank exams check for tenderness or signs of contributing conditions.
• Imaging tests – Renal ultrasound or non-contrast CT scans help assess the presence, size, and location of kidney stones.
• Urinalysis – Detects blood cells, bacteria, and crystals that indicate kidney stones or infection.
• Analysis of stones – Passed or removed stones are analyzed to determine their composition for targeted prevention.

Things to consider before undergoing surgery include:

• Schedule a consultation with a urologist to discuss procedure details and clarify doubts.
• Undergo a comprehensive evaluation, including history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests.
• Provide a complete list of medications including OTC drugs and supplements.
• Refrain from eating or drinking for a specific period before surgery.
• Stay well-hydrated prior to surgery to aid in recovery.
• Arrange for a friend or family member to assist with transportation and recovery support.

Steps followed in the laser procedure:

• Anesthesia and Positioning – Patient is placed under general/spinal anesthesia and positioned properly.
• Inserting the Ureteroscope – A thin flexible scope is passed through the urethra into the ureter or kidney.
• Finding the Stone – The surgeon locates the stone using the scope’s camera.
• Laser Treatment – A laser fiber breaks the stone into small pieces.
• Removing Fragments – Larger fragments are extracted, while smaller ones pass naturally.
• Optional Stent Placement – A DJ stent may be inserted to aid healing and urine flow.
• Finishing and Recovery – The scope is removed, and the patient is monitored and often discharged the same day.

• Minimally Invasive: Requires no or small incisions, enabling quicker recovery.
• Precision Targeting: Laser minimizes damage to surrounding tissues.
• Fast Recovery: Return to daily life in a few days.
• Low Risk of Complications: Less bleeding and infection risk.
• Outpatient-Friendly: Often a same-day discharge procedure.
• Minimal Scarring: No visible scars for most patients.
• Highly Effective: High success rate, especially for stones under 2 cm.

Follow these tips for better recovery:

• Hydration – Drink 2.5–3 liters of water daily to flush out remnants.
• Healthy Diet – Focus on fruits, veggies, whole grains, and calcium-rich foods. Reduce animal protein, sodium, and oxalates.
• Light Activity – Resume light walking in 2–3 days but avoid strenuous exercise initially.
• Manage Pain & Stent Symptoms – Use prescribed medication and warm baths (if advised).
• Continue Medication & Follow-Ups – Stick to your meds and attend all follow-up appointments.
• Citrate Beverages – Drink lemon or citrus water to prevent new stone formation.
• Rest & Lifestyle – Prioritize rest, manage stress, and avoid overexertion.